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Have you ever leaked pee when you laughed, coughed, or sneezed? Maybe you’ve had a sudden urge to use the bathroom but couldn’t get there in time. Or perhaps you find yourself getting up several times each night to urinate. Urinary incontinence is common among older adults, but having to plan life around your bladder can be incredibly frustrating. You may be afraid to go out because you’re worried about finding a bathroom. You may skip exercise, think twice about traveling, or wake up several times during the night to urinate. Incontinence can also affect your safety. Rushing to the bathroom in the dark, especially at night when you’re drowsy or half-asleep, can increase your risk of falling and getting injured. Getting help is about more than staying dry. Treating incontinence can help you stay active, sleep better, feel more confident, and maintain your independence. What Is Urinary Incontinence? Your bladder, pelvic floor muscles, nerves, and other parts of your urinary system work together to store and release urine. When something affects this system, you may have trouble holding your urine or getting to the bathroom in time. Incontinence can look different from person to person. It can range from a few drops coming out when you cough or sneeze, a stronger leak when you exercise, sudden urges that send you rushing to the bathroom, or frequent dribbling throughout the day. Even small leaks can affect your daily life. You may start planning trips around bathroom stops, avoid certain activities, or worry about an accident when you’re away from home. This is frustrating, but understanding the cause of incontinence can be the first step toward finding ways to manage or even reduce the severity of the problem. Why Does Incontinence Happen as You Get Older? There are many possible causes of developing urinary incontinence, including: Weak pelvic floor muscles Your pelvic floor is a group of muscles that supports your bladder and helps you control urine. If these muscles become weak, you may leak urine when you cough, sneeze, laugh, lift something, or exercise. Pelvic floor weakness can affect both women and men. An overactive bladder An overactive bladder can cause a sudden and strong urge to urinate. The urge may come on so quickly that you don’t make it to the bathroom in time. A urinary tract infection A urinary tract infection, or UTI, can cause temporary bladder problems. You may need to urinate more often or feel a sudden urge to go. You may also have burning or pain when you pee. Constipation Being constipated can put pressure on your bladder and make bladder control harder. Medications Some medications can affect bladder control. If your bladder problems started after you began taking a new medication or have gotten worse over time, tell your doctor. They can review your medications and decide if a change may help. Prostate problems In men, an enlarged prostate can make it harder to empty your bladder. When urine stays in the bladder, you may have frequent dribbling or other bladder control problems. Other health problems Diabetes, nerve problems, chronic coughing, and problems with movement can also contribute to incontinence. Sometimes the problem isn’t your bladder at all. You may simply have trouble getting to the bathroom quickly enough. What Type of Incontinence Do You Have? Urine leakage can happen in different ways. Paying attention to when and how you leak can help in figuring out what is causing it and which treatment may help. There are 4 common types of urinary incontinence, but quite often there is overlap or symptoms may not fit neatly into one single category. Stress Incontinence Leaking urine when you cough, sneeze, laugh, lift something, or exercise may be a sign of stress incontinence. It happens when pressure on your bladder becomes too much for the muscles that normally keep urine from leaking. Weak pelvic floor muscles are a common cause. Urge Incontinence A sudden, strong need to urinate, followed by leakage before you can reach the bathroom, may be urge incontinence. This type of incontinence is often linked to an overactive bladder. You may feel like you need to find a bathroom immediately and have trouble holding your urine. Mixed Incontinence Some people experience both stress and urge incontinence. For example, you may leak when you sneeze or exercise and also have sudden urges that are difficult to control. Having both types is called mixed incontinence. Overflow Incontinence Frequent dribbling, difficulty starting your urine stream, or feeling like your bladder never fully empties may be signs of overflow incontinence. This happens when your bladder does not empty completely and becomes too full, causing urine to leak. In men, an enlarged prostate is one possible cause. How Can You Treat Urinary Incontinence? There are several ways to go about it. Keep a bladder diary A bladder diary can help you spot patterns. For several days, write down: What you drink and how much When you use the bathroom When you have an accident Whether you felt an urge before the accident What you were doing when the leak happened Bring your notes to your next doctor’s appointment. They can give your doctor useful information about your symptoms. Try timed bathroom trips Timed voiding means using the bathroom on a regular schedule instead of waiting until you have a strong urge to go. For example, you might start by using the bathroom every two to three hours during the day. Over time, this can help you get into a regular routine and may reduce accidents. Pay attention to what you drink Never stop drinking water because you’re worried about leaks. Your body still needs enough fluid to stay healthy. Do cut down on caffein, though. Caffeine, found in coffee, tea, cola, and energy drinks, has diuretic properties, meaning it can make you need to urinate more often or more urgently. Pay attention to how your body responds to different drinks. If you notice more urgency or leaking after certain

It’s normal for our brain’s functioning capabilities to change as we grow older. Who among us hasn’t walked into a room only to forget why they went there, struggled to remember someone’s name, or needed an extra moment to find the right word? These are funny little facepalm situations, but the fact is that there’s a difference between normal age-related mental changes and cognitive decline that interferes with everyday life. This distinction can be difficult to recognize, especially when changes happen gradually. Family and friends might notice changes before the person experiencing them does. But knowing what changes to pay attention to can help you keep track of your mental health without panicking that every forgotten name or misplaced item is a sign of dementia. What Does Normal Aging Look Like? Getting older does not mean your memory will stop working. Many thinking skills and the knowledge you have gained can stay strong throughout adulthood. What CAN change is the speed at which you process or retrieve information. This is different from repeatedly forgetting important information or losing the ability to carry out familiar tasks. Signs of Dementia vs. Normal Forgetfulness The difference often comes down to frequency, progression, and impact on everyday life. Consider these examples: Normal Aging Possible Cognitive Impairment Occasionally forgets a name Frequently forgets familiar names or relationships Misplaces an item sometimes Places things in unusual locations and cannot retrace steps Forgets an appointment but remembers later Repeatedly misses appointments despite reminders Needs help remembering a new phone number Cannot remember information learned moments earlier Takes longer to learn a new device Cannot figure out how to use a familiar appliance Gets turned around in an unfamiliar place Gets lost in a familiar neighborhood Makes an occasional financial mistake Has increasing difficulty managing bills or recognizing financial problems Repeats a story occasionally Repeats the same question or story several times in a short period One or two incidents do not indicate dementia. A pattern of increasingly frequent or disruptive changes is more significant. When Is Memory Loss a Problem? Memory loss becomes a concern when it begins to interfere with things a person normally handles independently. 10 Early Warning Signs of Dementia Dementia is about more than memory loss. It can affect the way a person remembers, thinks, communicates, makes decisions, finds their way around, and manages everyday life. Early changes can include: 1. Memory loss that disrupts everyday life Forgetting recently learned information, asking the same questions again and again, or needing more help with tasks they once handled independently. Example: Amy asks what time an appointment is several times in one morning, despite being told repeatedly. 2. Difficulty completing familiar tasks Having trouble doing things that were once routine, such as following a familiar recipe, using a household appliance, playing a favorite game, or performing a daily work task. Example: Matt has cooked spaghetti and meatballs for decades, but suddenly can’t remember the usual steps. 3. Getting lost in familiar places Taking a wrong turn once in a while is normal. More concerning is becoming confused in places that should be well known. Example: William gets lost driving home from a store he’s visited weekly for years. 4. Problems with planning or problem-solving Tasks that involve step-by-step processes, making plans, or solving everyday problems may become harder. Example: Trouble managing bills, following a familiar set of instructions, planning a trip, or knowing what to do when something unexpected goes wrong. 5. Increasing difficulty with words and conversations Losing track of conversations, using uncharacteristically unusual words, repeating the same stories. Example: Susan suddenly stops in the middle of conversations because she can’t express herself properly, then forgets what she was saying. 6. Losing track of time or place Becoming confused about the day, season, location, or how they arrived somewhere. Example: Sam insists the year is 1989 and gets angry when people correct him. 7 .Misplacing things in unusual ways Everyone misplaces keys occasionally. Cognitive problems may cause someone to put things in unusual places and be unable to retrace their steps to find them. Example: Putting a phone in the refrigerator or car keys in a kitchen cabinet, then having no idea how they got there. 8. Changes in judgment or decision-making Suddenly making decisions that are very different from their usual behavior. Example: Lisa buys useless gadgets online, has given away large sums of money to anyone with a sob story, and is much less careful of personal safety than she was earlier. 9. Changes in mood, personality, or behavior A person may become noticeably different from their usual self. Someone who has always been outgoing may become withdrawn, while others may become unusually suspicious, anxious, irritable, or uninterested in things they once enjoyed. Example: Frank was always up for a party, but now he doesn’t even like being around people. 10. Difficulty managing everyday responsibilities Struggling with things they previously handled independently. Example: Managing medications, paying bills, keeping appointments, shopping, cooking, driving familiar routes, or using transportation. What About Mild Cognitive Impairment? Between normal age-related changes and dementia is a zone called mild cognitive impairment (MCI). A person with MCI will have noticeable changes in memory or another area of thinking that are greater than expected for normal aging. However, the changes are generally not severe enough to prevent the person from remaining independent. For example, a person with MCI may need more reminders, forget recent conversations, take longer to organize complicated tasks, but they may still be able to drive, manage their finances, prepare meals, take medications, and live independently. MCI does not automatically progress to dementia. Some people with MCI remain stable, some improve, and some eventually develop dementia. That makes MCI an important distinction when considering early dementia symptoms in seniors. Cognitive changes deserve attention even when a person is still functioning independently. Dementia Is Not One Disease “Dementia” describes a group of symptoms involving cognitive decline. It does not identify the underlying cause. Different types of dementia

Early kidney disease may cause no obvious symptoms, which is why kidney function is often checked through routine blood and urine tests. GFR, creatinine, BUN, and urine albumin on your lab results are numbers that provide useful clues about how your kidneys are functioning. What Does GFR Mean in a Blood Test? GFR stands for glomerular filtration rate. It is an estimate of how much blood your kidneys can filter over a certain amount of time. Your kidneys contain millions of tiny filtering units called glomeruli. As blood passes through them, waste and excess substances are removed while useful substances remain in the bloodstream. Because directly measuring GFR is difficult, routine blood tests usually report an estimated GFR, or eGFR. Your eGFR is calculated using your blood creatinine level along with factors such as your age and sex. In general, a higher eGFR indicates better kidney filtration, while a lower eGFR indicates reduced filtration. But an eGFR number needs context. Your age, previous results, other laboratory findings, and overall health can all affect what the number means. What do the eGFR numbers mean? eGFR is generally reported in mL/min/1.73 m². The National Kidney Foundation uses the following broad categories: eGFR What It Generally Indicates 90 or higher Normal or high 60–89 Mildly decreased 45–59 Mildly to moderately decreased 30–44 Moderately to severely decreased 15–29 Severely decreased Below 15 Kidney failure These categories are not a diagnosis by themselves. For example, an eGFR between 60 and 89 does not automatically mean that you have chronic kidney disease. The trend over time can be just as important as the number itself. What Is a Normal GFR for a 70-Year-Old? If you’re over 65, you may notice that your eGFR is lower than numbers you’ve seen described as “normal” for younger adults. That can be expected. Kidney filtration tends to decrease as people get older. The National Kidney Foundation reports an average eGFR of approximately 75 mL/min/1.73 m² for adults age 70 and older. That does not mean 75 is a required or ideal number for everyone who is 70. There is no single eGFR that defines normal kidney function for every older adult. An eGFR in the 60s or 70s may therefore mean something very different in a healthy older adult than it would in a younger person. Your healthcare team may pay particular attention to whether the number is stable, gradually changing, or dropping more quickly than expected. An eGFR below 60 that persists for at least three months can be a sign of chronic kidney disease. Evidence of kidney damage, such as albumin in the urine, can also be important even when eGFR is above 60. Why Does GFR Go Down with Age? Over time, some of the tiny filtering units in the kidneys are lost, and the remaining ones may not filter blood as efficiently as they once did. As a result, GFR generally declines with age. That does not mean every decline is harmless. Conditions that become more common with age, including high blood pressure, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, can also damage the kidneys. Certain medications and repeated episodes of kidney injury can affect kidney function as well. The useful question is therefore not simply, “Is my GFR lower than it used to be?” It is: “Is this level of kidney function expected for me, and is it remaining stable?” What Does Creatinine Tell You? Creatinine is a waste product produced by normal muscle activity. Your kidneys normally remove it from your blood and pass it into your urine. When the kidneys filter less efficiently, creatinine can build up in the blood. That’s why your creatinine result is closely connected to your eGFR. But creatinine has an important limitation: it is influenced by muscle mass as well as kidney function. Someone with a larger amount of muscle may naturally have more creatinine. Someone who has lost muscle mass with age may produce less. This matters when looking at creatinine levels in older adults. A creatinine result that falls within your laboratory’s reference range does not necessarily mean that kidney filtration is completely normal. Conversely, a mildly elevated creatinine does not automatically mean kidney disease. This is one reason eGFR is generally more useful than looking at creatinine alone. Why Your Previous Creatinine Result Matters Suppose your creatinine was 0.9 mg/dL last year and is now 1.3 mg/dL. Even if the newer result does not look dramatically abnormal on its own, the change may be meaningful. On the other hand, a creatinine level that has remained relatively stable over several years may be less concerning than a rapidly changing result. Your lab report provides a snapshot. Comparing current results with previous results provides the trend. What Does BUN Mean in a Blood Test? BUN means blood urea nitrogen. Urea is produced when your body breaks down protein. Your kidneys normally remove urea from the blood and excrete it in urine. BUN is therefore another measurement that can provide information about kidney function, but it is affected by considerably more than kidney function alone. A high BUN can occur with: Dehydration A high-protein diet Gastrointestinal bleeding Heart failure Reduced kidney function Certain medications or other health conditions This is particularly useful to know if you see a high BUN on your lab report. A high BUN does not automatically mean your kidneys are failing. For example, someone who has been dehydrated may have an elevated BUN without having chronic kidney disease. That’s why BUN is usually interpreted alongside creatinine and eGFR rather than treated as a standalone kidney test. What Is the BUN-to-Creatinine Ratio? You may see BUN/creatinine ratio listed on your laboratory report. Rather than looking at BUN and creatinine separately, this calculation compares the two values. The relationship can sometimes provide clues about what is contributing to an abnormal result. For example, dehydration can cause BUN to rise disproportionately compared with creatinine. The ratio is not a diagnosis, however. A healthcare professional considers it alongside your eGFR,

If you’ve had a cholesterol test recently, you may have wondered what all the different measurements mean. LDL? HDL? Triglycerides? You may also have looked at the numbers, matched them to the ‘standard’ ranges, and still been unsure whether your results are good, high, or something to discuss with your doctor. Cholesterol Levels Can Become More Complicated After 65 There is no single cholesterol number or special cholesterol range for everyone over 65. Your age matters, but so do your blood pressure, diabetes status, smoking history, kidney health, family history and whether you have already had a heart attack or stroke. That means a cholesterol level that is fine for one person may need more attention in another. The goal is not always to get your cholesterol as low as possible. Instead, your doctor looks at your overall risk of heart disease and stroke and decides what treatment, if any, is right for you. The 2026 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) dyslipidemia guideline also changed how doctors estimate heart and blood vessel disease risk. For adults ages 30-79 who have not already had cardiovascular disease, the guideline now recommends using the newer PREVENT-ASCVD equations instead of the older Pooled Cohort Equations. Understanding the Lipid Panel A standard lipid panel usually includes four main numbers: Total cholesterol Low-density lipoprotein or LDL High-density lipoprotein or HDL and Triglycerides Total cholesterol Total cholesterol is the overall amount of cholesterol in your blood. It includes both LDL and HDL, along with a portion of the cholesterol carried by other blood fats. Generally, a total cholesterol level below 200 mg/dL is considered desirable. But total cholesterol does not tell the whole story. Two people could both have a total cholesterol of 210 mg/dL, but one might have more HDL and less LDL than the other. So why measure total cholesterol? It gives your doctor a quick overall picture of your cholesterol levels. But to understand your heart health and decide if you need treatment, your doctor will also look at your LDL, HDL, triglycerides, and other risk factors. LDL LDL stands for low-density lipoprotein. It is often called “bad” cholesterol because too much LDL can cause fatty deposits, called plaque, to build up inside your arteries. Over time, this can raise your risk of heart attack and stroke. That is why your LDL level often gets more attention than your total cholesterol. For many people, an LDL level below 100 mg/dL is a reasonable general target. But your personal target may be lower if you have a higher risk of heart disease or stroke. The 2026 ACC/AHA guideline recommends setting LDL goals based on your overall risk. For example, an LDL goal below 100 mg/dL may be reasonable for some people at moderate risk. People at higher risk may have a goal below 70 mg/dL. For some people who already have cardiovascular disease and are at very high risk, the goal may be below 55 mg/dL. So, if you are asking, “What is a normal cholesterol level for a 70-year-old?”, there is no single answer. Your age is one factor, but your LDL goal depends more on your overall risk of heart disease and stroke. HDL HDL stands for high-density lipoprotein. It helps carry cholesterol away from your bloodstream and back to your liver, where your body can process and remove it. That is why HDL is often called “good” cholesterol. An HDL level of 60 mg/dL or higher is generally considered favorable. An HDL below 40 mg/dL in men or below 50 mg/dL in women is generally considered low. But a higher HDL number does not automatically make up for a high LDL number. Your LDL level and overall risk of heart disease and stroke still matter. In fact, current cholesterol treatment focuses mainly on lowering LDL and other types of cholesterol that can contribute to plaque buildup in your arteries. You do not need to take medication just to raise your HDL. Instead, focus on the habits that protect your heart overall: eat a healthy diet, stay physically active, maintain a healthy weight, and avoid tobacco. Triglycerides Triglycerides are a type of fat in your blood. Your body stores them and uses them for energy. A triglyceride level below 150 mg/dL is generally considered desirable. High triglycerides can be linked to several health and lifestyle factors, including diabetes, excess weight, metabolic problems, drinking too much alcohol, and some medications. Very high triglycerides need special attention. At extremely high levels, they can increase your risk of pancreatitis, a painful inflammation of the pancreas. The 2026 ACC/AHA guideline gives particular attention to treatment when triglyceride levels reach 1,000 mg/dL or higher. Non-HDL Cholesterol: An Often-Overlooked Number Non-HDL cholesterol is calculated by subtracting your HDL (good) cholesterol from your total cholesterol. This leaves the cholesterol carried by LDL and other particles that can contribute to plaque buildup in your arteries. A non-HDL level below 130 mg/dL is a commonly used general target. But just like with LDL, your personal target may be lower if you have a higher risk of heart disease or stroke. The 2026 ACC/AHA guideline puts more focus on non-HDL cholesterol alongside LDL. For people at high cardiovascular risk, for example, a non-HDL level below 100 mg/dL may be an appropriate goal. What Counts as High Cholesterol in Older Adults? There is no separate cholesterol cutoff that suddenly applies when you turn 65, 70, or 80. The numbers below are general reference points for adults, but they do not tell you exactly what your cholesterol levels should be. Cholesterol Test Generally Desirable Level Total cholesterol Below 200 mg/dL LDL cholesterol Below 100 mg/dL HDL cholesterol 60 mg/dL or higher is favorable Triglycerides Below 150 mg/dL Non-HDL cholesterol Below 130 mg/dL Think of these numbers as a starting point, not a personal treatment plan. Why Cholesterol Management Can Change After 65 As you get older, your risk of heart disease and stroke generally increases. This means a cholesterol level that may

Cancer screening can save lives by finding cancer early, when treatment is often most effective. For older adults, however, screening decisions become more complex with age. While some cancer screenings continue to provide important benefits, others may become less helpful or even carry risks that outweigh potential advantages. Many Medicare beneficiaries wonder which screenings they should continue, which tests Medicare covers, and when it may be appropriate to stop screening altogether. The answer is not always the same for everyone. Age matters, but so do overall health, life expectancy, personal preferences, and medical history. Why Cancer Screening Is Important Cancer screening looks for signs of cancer before symptoms develop. The goal is to detect disease early, when treatment may be easier and more successful. Common cancer screening tests can help identify: Colorectal cancer Breast cancer Cervical cancer Lung cancer Skin cancer Difference Between Cancer Screening and Diagnostic Testing Screening is different from diagnostic testing. Screening is performed when a person has no symptoms. Diagnostic testing is performed when symptoms or abnormalities require further investigation. For many adults, regular preventive screening is an important part of maintaining long-term health. Why Screening Recommendations Change with Age Many people assume cancer screening should continue indefinitely. However, medical experts recognize that screening decisions become more individualized as people grow older. This is because screening involves both benefits and risks. Potential benefits are that potential cancer is detected earlier, which allows for more treatment options and improved outcomes. Potential risks include false-positive results which can lead to anxiety, unnecessary procedures, complications from testing, and overdiagnosis and overtreatment. The Lead-Time Bias Healthcare providers also consider a concept called lead-time bias. This happens when screening finds cancer earlier, but finding it sooner does not necessarily help people live longer. The diagnosis comes earlier, but the final outcome may stay the same. Another concern is over-detection. Some cancers found through screening grow so slowly that they would never have caused symptoms during a person’s lifetime. Treating these cancers may expose patients to risks without meaningful benefit. Because of these factors, screening guidelines often change after age 75. How Screening Decisions Are Made in Older Adults Modern screening recommendations emphasize shared decision-making. Shared decision-making means that you and your healthcare provider discuss: Your age and overall health Any chronic medical conditions you may have Your functional status, or how well you can manage everyday tasks such as bathing and dressing yourself, preparing meals, driving, managing medications, and handling finances. Family history of health and disease Personal values and preferences Estimated life expectancy Rather than applying one rule to everyone, screening decisions are individualized. For some healthy adults in their late 70s or 80s, continued screening may still make sense. For others with significant medical conditions, stopping screening may be the better choice. What Cancer Screenings Does Medicare Cover? Medicare covers several preventive cancer screening services when eligibility criteria are met. Coverage details can vary based on the specific test, risk level, and screening interval. Common covered cancer screenings include: Colorectal Cancer: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting older adults. Tumors or polyps form in the large intestine or the rectum and cause blockages, leading to abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, or diarrhea. Regular screening can identify precancerous polyps before they become cancerous. Current preventive screening recommendations generally advise routine colorectal cancer screening through age 75. For adults ages 76 to 85, screening decisions become more individualized and should be based on overall health, previous screening history, and personal preferences. After age 85, routine screening is generally not recommended. Colonoscopy During a colonoscopy procedure, doctors examine the entire colon to determine the presence of polyps, and even remove them there and then. But as people age, health risks from colonoscopies also rise. Potential complications include bleeding, perforation of the colon, dehydration from bowel preparation, and complications arising from sedatives used during the procedure. These risks are one reason screening decisions become more individualized after age 75. Colonoscopy Alternatives Some seniors prefer non-invasive screening options. FIT Testing: The fecal immunochemical test, commonly called FIT, looks for hidden blood in the stool. Benefits include no bowel preparation, no sedation, and it can be completed at home. However, abnormal results generally require follow-up colonoscopy. Stool DNA Testing (Cologuard): Cologuard combines stool DNA analysis with blood detection. This test may identify certain abnormal DNA changes associated with colorectal cancer. Like FIT testing, abnormal results require colonoscopy for confirmation. Cologuard vs Colonoscopy Many patients ask whether Cologuard is as effective as colonoscopy. While stool DNA testing can detect many cancers and advanced polyps, colonoscopy remains the gold standard because it allows direct visualization and removal of precancerous lesions. For some older adults who prefer a less invasive option, stool-based testing may be a reasonable alternative. Polyp Surveillance After Colonoscopy Not everyone follows the same screening schedule. Individuals with previous polyps may require surveillance colonoscopies at different intervals. Factors that influence timing include the number of polyps, their type and size, the patient’s family history of colon problems, and overall risk profile. Breast Cancer and Mammograms: Breast cancer screening remains an important preventive service for many women. Routine mammography is generally recommended through age 74. Beyond age 75, evidence becomes less clear. Because research in adults over 75 is limited, screening decisions should be individualized. Healthcare providers consider: Overall health Life expectancy Prior screening history Personal preferences When Mammograms May Continue Beyond 75 A healthy older adult with few medical conditions may continue to benefit from screening. Conversely, someone with significant health issues may be less likely to benefit from ongoing testing. Cervical Cancer in Older Women: Many women are surprised to learn that cervical cancer screening often stops earlier than other cancer screenings. Cervical Cancer Screening Ceases at Age 65 Most women can stop routine cervical cancer screening at age 65 if they have had adequate prior screening, have no history of high-risk cervical abnormalities, and are not otherwise considered high risk. In these cases, continued screening generally provides little additional

Thyroid disease is one condition older adults should watch out for, because its symptoms can easily be mistaken for normal aging. The thyroid is a small butterfly-shaped gland located at the front of the neck. Although it is small, it plays a major role in regulating how the body uses energy. The thyroid affects heart rate, body temperature, metabolism, digestion, mood, and cognitive function. When the thyroid produces too little hormone, a person develops hypothyroidism. When it produces too much hormone, the result is hyperthyroidism. Both conditions are common among older adults and can affect overall health, quality of life, and independence. In this guide, we explain common symptoms, how thyroid disease presents differently in older adults, what TSH levels in seniors mean, and how primary care doctors monitor and manage thyroid conditions. Understanding the Thyroid Gland The thyroid gland produces two primary hormones, Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones help regulate metabolism, which is how the body converts food into energy. The thyroid is controlled by the thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH. TSH is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain and acts as a messenger that tells the thyroid how much hormone to produce. When thyroid hormone levels are low, TSH rises. When thyroid hormone levels are high, TSH decreases. Because of this relationship, TSH is often the first laboratory test doctors order when evaluating thyroid function. Why Thyroid Problems in Older Adults Can Be Difficult to Recognize One reason thyroid disease is often overlooked in older adults is that symptoms may appear differently than they do in younger people. Healthcare providers sometimes refer to this as an atypical presentation. Rather than developing obvious symptoms, seniors may experience subtle changes that develop gradually over time. For example: Fatigue may be blamed on aging. Memory problems may be mistaken for normal age-related changes. Weight loss may be attributed to reduced appetite. Changes in heart rhythm may be linked to other cardiovascular conditions. Because symptoms overlap with many common health concerns, routine medical care plays an important role in identifying thyroid disease. Hypothyroidism in Older Adults Hypothyroidism is when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. This condition is especially common among older women. When thyroid hormone levels are low, the body’s metabolic processes slow down. Hypothyroidism Symptoms in Elderly Adults Common symptoms of hypothyroidism, or low thyroid activity, include: Fatigue Low energy Increased sensitivity to cold Constipation Weight gain Dry skin Hair thinning Depression Muscle weakness Slowed thinking Memory difficulties Some older adults develop only one or two symptoms, while others experience a combination of changes over time. Cognitive Changes and Hypothyroidism Low thyroid hormone levels can affect brain function. Older adults with hypothyroidism may report: Forgetfulness Brain fog Difficulty concentrating Slower mental processing Reduced motivation Because these symptoms can resemble early cognitive decline, thyroid testing is often included when healthcare providers evaluate memory concerns. Severe Hypothyroidism Although uncommon, untreated hypothyroidism can eventually lead to serious complications, including: Significant cognitive impairment Heart problems Severe fatigue Reduced mobility Hyperthyroidism in Older Adults Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormone. While less common than hypothyroidism in seniors, hyperthyroidism can have serious health consequences if left untreated. Hyperthyroidism Symptoms in Older Adults Hyperthyroidism symptoms in older adults are often different from the symptoms seen in younger patients. Classic symptoms may include: Heat intolerance Excessive sweating Nervousness Tremors Increased appetite However, older adults may develop less obvious symptoms such as unexplained weight loss, weakness and fatigue, sleep disturbances, and mood changes. In some cases, heart-related symptoms become the most noticeable sign. Hyperthyroidism and Atrial Fibrillation One of the most important complications of hyperthyroidism in older adults is atrial fibrillation, often called AFib. AFib is an irregular heart rhythm that increases the risk of stroke and other cardiovascular complications. An overactive thyroid can place additional stress on the heart and contribute to abnormal heart rhythms. Because cardiovascular health is already a major concern in older adults, healthcare providers take hyperthyroidism seriously. Hyperthyroidism and Bone Health Excess thyroid hormone can also accelerate bone loss. Over time, untreated hyperthyroidism may increase the risk of osteoporosis and fragility fractures. These can, in turn, lead to loss of independence after injury. What Do TSH Levels in Seniors Mean? TSH is often considered the most useful screening test for thyroid disease. However, interpreting TSH levels in seniors is not always straightforward. Understanding TSH Results In general, high TSH may suggest hypothyroidism, while low TSH may suggest hyperthyroidism. Doctors often combine TSH results with additional laboratory tests, including Free T4 and Free T3 (when appropriate). The “Free” in these test names refers to the amount of thyroid hormone that is “free” and available for your body to use right away, rather than hormone attached to proteins and stored in the bloodstream. Age-Related Changes in TSH Research suggests that TSH levels may naturally increase somewhat with age. As a result, healthcare providers often interpret thyroid test results within the broader context of a patient’s health, symptoms, and medical history. A laboratory value that appears mildly abnormal may not always require immediate treatment. This individualized approach helps avoid overtreatment in older adults. What Is Subclinical Thyroid Disease? Subclinical thyroid dysfunction occurs when TSH levels are abnormal, but thyroid hormone levels remain within the normal range. This condition is relatively common among seniors. Subclinical Hypothyroidism Subclinical hypothyroidism occurs when TSH is high and Free T4 remains normal. Many patients have no symptoms. Others may experience mild fatigue or other nonspecific complaints. Subclinical Hyperthyroidism Subclinical hyperthyroidism occurs when TSH is low and thyroid hormone levels remain normal. Although symptoms may be absent, persistent low TSH can increase the risk of atrial fibrillation and bone loss in older adults. Should Subclinical Thyroid Disease Be Treated? One of the most debated topics in thyroid medicine is whether subclinical thyroid conditions should be treated. The answer often depends on several factors, including the patient’s age, their symptoms, TSH levels, and their risk of heart disease and osteoporosis. The Subclinical

Millions of older adults in the US live with some degree of kidney damage, often without knowing it. Because chronic kidney disease, also called CKD, usually develops slowly, symptoms may not appear until kidney function has already declined. If you have diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, or a family history of kidney problems, understanding how CKD is monitored can help you take an active role in your care. In this guide, we explain kidney disease stages in older adults, common CKD symptoms in elderly patients, the laboratory tests your doctor orders, medications that may help or harm your kidneys, and when specialist care is needed. What Is Chronic Kidney Disease? Chronic kidney disease is a condition in which the kidneys gradually lose their ability to filter waste, excess fluid, and toxins from the blood. The condition is considered chronic when kidney abnormalities or reduced kidney function persist for at least three months. Healthy kidneys perform several essential functions. They: Remove waste products from the bloodstream Help regulate blood pressure Maintain proper fluid balance Support healthy bone metabolism Help produce red blood cells Balance important minerals and electrolytes Declining kidney function means that over time, waste products can build up in the body and lead to serious health complications. CKD versus Acute Kidney Injury Many people confuse chronic kidney disease with acute kidney injury. Acute kidney injury, often called AKI, occurs suddenly. It may result from dehydration, severe infection, medication side effects, surgery, or reduced blood flow to the kidneys. In some cases, kidney function improves once the underlying problem is treated. In chronic kidney disease, the damage develops gradually and typically does not fully reverse. Treatment focuses on slowing progression and managing complications. Why Seniors Are More Likely to Develop CKD Age is one of the strongest risk factors for chronic kidney disease. As people grow older, kidney function naturally changes. While these changes do not automatically lead to kidney disease, they can increase vulnerability to kidney damage. Older adults are also more likely to have conditions that place additional stress on the kidneys, including: Diabetes High blood pressure Heart disease Obesity Peripheral vascular disease A history of smoking The relationship between diabetes, hypertension, and CKD is especially important. The Diabetes-Hypertension-CKD Connection Healthcare providers frequently see what is sometimes called the diabetes-hypertension-CKD triad. Diabetes is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease in the United States. High blood sugar damages the tiny blood vessels responsible for filtering waste inside the kidneys. High blood pressure can also injure these delicate blood vessels. Over time, uncontrolled hypertension reduces the kidneys’ ability to function properly. When diabetes and hypertension occur together, the risk of kidney damage increases significantly. Understanding Kidney Disease Stages in Older Adults One of the most important measurements used to evaluate kidney health is the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which estimates how well kidneys filter blood: Stage 1 CKD (eGFR 90 or higher) Evidence of kidney damage is present, though filtration remains normal. Usually detected through urine or imaging rather than noticeable symptoms. Stage 2 CKD (eGFR 60–89) Mild reduction in function. Most patients feel well, which highlights the critical importance of routine screening. Stage 3 CKD (eGFR 30–59) Divided into two tiers: 3A (eGFR 45–59) and 3B (eGFR 30–44). Stage 3B is especially common in older adults and may involve fatigue, swelling, or anemia. Stage 4 CKD (eGFR 15–29) Significant decline in filtration. Requires close medical monitoring and referral to a specialist (nephrologist). Stage 5 CKD (eGFR below 15) Kidney failure stage. Requires immediate evaluation for dialysis or kidney replacement therapies. This stage is considered kidney failure. Some patients may require dialysis or evaluation for kidney replacement therapies. Why Albumin Levels Matter CKD staging is not based only on eGFR. Healthcare providers also evaluate albuminuria, or protein leakage into the urine. Increased levels of albumin in urine often indicate ongoing kidney damage and may predict faster disease progression. This approach aligns with recommendations from the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines, which combine eGFR and albumin measurements to assess risk more accurately. CKD Symptoms in Elderly Adults One of the challenges of chronic kidney disease in seniors is that symptoms often develop gradually. Many people feel completely normal during the early stages. As kidney function declines, symptoms may include: Fatigue Weakness Swelling in the feet, ankles, or legs Loss of appetite Nausea Difficulty concentrating Changes in urination Muscle cramps Itching Sleep problems Shortness of breath These symptoms do not always mean kidney disease is present. However, they should be discussed with your healthcare provider, particularly if you have risk factors such as diabetes or hypertension. How Is CKD Managed in Primary Care? For most older adults, primary care serves as the foundation of kidney disease management. Primary care providers help by: Detecting kidney disease early Ordering lab tests Monitoring kidney function trends Managing diabetes and hypertension Reviewing medications Coordinating specialist referrals Providing preventive care and education The goal is not only to protect kidney function but also to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, hospitalization, and other complications. What Lab Tests Does Your Primary Care Doctor Monitor? Regular laboratory testing helps identify changes before symptoms appear. Tests your doctor might prescribe may include: Serum Creatinine: Creatinine is a waste product generated by muscles. Healthy kidneys remove creatinine from the bloodstream. Elevated levels may indicate reduced kidney function. Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR): The eGFR is calculated from creatinine and other factors. This measurement helps determine disease stage and monitor progression. Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP): A BMP provides valuable information about the presence and amount of sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine in the body. Abnormal results may indicate kidney-related complications. Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (uACR): This test measures protein leakage into the urine. Even small increases of albumin in urine can signal early kidney damage. Blood Pressure Monitoring: Blood pressure is one of the most important numbers your doctor tracks. Keeping blood pressure under control helps slow CKD progression and protects

The word ‘chronic’ comes from the Greek word ‘chronos’, which means ‘time’. Chronic care is healthcare that is provided over an extended length of time, because it is used to manage health conditions that also take time to develop. Let’s take a closer look at what chronic care, or chronic disease management, is, who it benefits, and why it’s such an important part of healthcare for Medicare beneficiaries. What Is Chronic Care? Many people assume chronic care is only for those who are seriously ill. In reality, it is ongoing medical care and support provided to people living with chronic conditions. These are health conditions that last for a year or longer and usually require regular medical attention. Unlike an acute illness, which usually develops quickly and goes away after treatment, chronic conditions often last for months or years. Because they don’t simply disappear, they need regular checkups, ongoing treatment, and healthy lifestyle habits to help manage symptoms, slow their progression, and reduce the risk of complications. The goal of chronic care isn’t simply to treat symptoms when they appear. Instead, it’s about helping you: Manage your condition effectively Prevent complications Improve your overall health Maintain your independence Enjoy the highest possible quality of life Rather than waiting until something goes wrong, chronic care focuses on staying one step ahead. What Is a Chronic Condition? A chronic condition is a health condition that typically lasts for months or years. Generally, once a chronic condition develops, it never fully goes away. However, what can happen is that: Some chronic conditions go into remission. This means there are few or no signs of the disease, but it can return. Examples include some autoimmune diseases and certain cancers. Some are controlled extremely well with treatment. For example, people with high blood pressure or high cholesterol may have normal readings as long as they continue taking medication and maintaining healthy habits. The condition hasn’t been cured, but it is being managed. Some improve dramatically through lifestyle changes. Type 2 diabetes may go into remission after significant weight loss, dietary changes, or bariatric surgery. However, the underlying tendency remains, and blood sugar levels can rise again if those changes aren’t maintained. Some are progressive. Diseases like osteoarthritis or COPD cannot be reversed, but treatment can slow their progression, relieve symptoms, and help people stay active and independent. Common Chronic Conditions in Older Adults The most common chronic conditions among adults aged 65 and older include: High blood pressure (hypertension) Type 2 diabetes High cholesterol Heart disease Arthritis Osteoporosis Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Asthma Chronic kidney disease Depression and anxiety Many older adults live with more than one chronic condition. This is known as having multiple chronic conditions, and it’s one reason why coordinated care becomes so important. Why Chronic Care Matters Chronic care focuses on preventing problems from happening in the first place, instead of reacting to problems after they happen. For example, regular checkups are a mainstay of chronic care. These let your doctor: Monitor your condition Adjust medications when needed Catch small changes before they become bigger problems Recommend screenings and preventive care Help you make healthy lifestyle choices Living with a chronic condition doesn’t mean giving up the activities you love. With consistent medical care and the right support, many people continue to live active, fulfilling lives. What Does Chronic Care Include? Chronic care is a personalized approach to healthcare that looks at your overall well-being and helps you manage every aspect of your condition. Your chronic care plan may include: Regular Office Visits: Routine clinic appointments let your doctor check your progress, discuss any new symptoms, and make changes to your treatment plan if necessary. Medication Management: Many Medicare patients take multiple medications every day. Your clinician can help ensure your medications are working well together, adjust dosages if needed, and answer any questions you may have. Preventive Screenings: Regular screenings can identify potential health concerns before they become more serious. These may include: Blood pressure checks Blood sugar monitoring Cholesterol testing Kidney function tests Bone density screenings Cancer screenings when appropriate Lifestyle Support: Healthy habits play an important role in managing chronic conditions. Your doctor may offer guidance on nutrition and eating well, physical activity and exercise regimens appropriate for you, weight management, good sleep practices, ways to reduce stress, and quitting smoking. Care Coordination: If you see multiple specialists, your primary care clinician helps ensure everyone involved in your care is working together. This reduces confusion, minimizes duplicate testing, and helps create a more coordinated treatment plan. Chronic Care vs. Urgent Care Chronic care and urgent care serve very different purposes. Urgent care treats sudden illnesses or injuries that need prompt attention, such as minor cuts, sprains, ear infections, flu symptoms, and urinary tract infections. Chronic care, on the other hand, focuses on managing long-term health conditions over months and years. Think of it this way: Urgent care helps when something unexpected happens. Chronic care helps you stay as healthy as possible every day. Both are important, but they serve different roles in your healthcare journey. What Is Chronic Care Management (CCM)? If you’re enrolled in Medicare, you may also hear about Chronic Care Management (CCM). CCM is a Medicare program that provides additional support for people living with two or more chronic conditions that are expected to last at least 12 months, or until the end of life, and that place the patient at significant risk of health decline. The goal is to help you manage your health between office visits. Depending on your healthcare provider, CCM services may include: A personalized care plan Medication reviews Help coordinating care with specialists and other healthcare providers Assistance with referrals Follow-up phone calls or other check-ins Ongoing communication among your healthcare team CCM services can make managing multiple chronic conditions easier and help ensure nothing falls through the cracks. Ask your clinic team whether CCM services are available and whether you may be eligible. The Benefits of Chronic

The prime function of your lungs is to bring oxygen into your body and remove carbon dioxide. Healthy lungs support energy, movement, sleep, and overall well-being. But as we age, our lungs naturally change. Years of exposure to smoke, air pollution, respiratory infections, and other factors can also affect how well they function. For adults aged 65 and older, understanding lung health, knowing the signs of potential lung problems, and taking steps to protect your breathing can help you stay active and independent for years to come. How Aging Affects the Lungs Aging causes changes throughout the body, including the respiratory system. These changes are normal, but they can make breathing less efficient than it was during younger years. As people get older, lung tissue becomes less elastic, the chest wall can become stiffer, and your body’s ability to clear mucus from the airways may decrease. These changes can make older adults more vulnerable to respiratory illnesses and may increase the time needed to recover from lung infections. While some decline in lung function is expected with age, significant breathing difficulties should never be ignored. Why Lung Health Matters After Age 65 Healthy lungs support many aspects of daily life. When lung function declines, it can affect physical activity, sleep quality, heart health, and overall quality of life. Good lung health helps seniors stay physically active and independent. It reduces the risk of respiratory infections and improves energy and endurance. Paying attention to lung health can also help detect diseases early, when treatment may be most effective. Common Lung Conditions in Older Adults Several respiratory conditions become more common with age. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) COPD is a group of lung diseases that includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. It often develops after years of exposure to cigarette smoke, second-hand smoke, air pollution, or workplace irritants. Common symptoms of COPD include: Shortness of breath Wheezing Chronic cough Excess mucus production Frequent respiratory infections COPD cannot be cured, but treatment and lifestyle changes can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Pneumonia Pneumonia is a lung infection that can be especially serious for older adults. Symptoms of pneumonia may include cough, fever, chills, shortness of breath, discomfort in the chest, and confusion or unusual tiredness. Because pneumonia can develop quickly, prompt medical attention is important. Asthma Although asthma often begins in childhood, it can affect adults at any age. Some people develop asthma later in life. Symptoms of asthma may include: Wheezing Chest tightness Coughing Shortness of breath Lung Cancer Lung cancer remains one of the most common cancers worldwide. Risk increases with age, especially among current and former smokers. Early stages may cause few or no symptoms, which makes screening important for certain high-risk individuals. Possible symptoms of lung cancer include: Persistent cough Coughing up blood Chest pain Hoarseness Unexplained weight loss Shortness of breath Pulmonary Fibrosis Pulmonary fibrosis causes scarring in the lungs, making it harder to breathe. Symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis often include a dry cough, shortness of breath, tiredness or excessive fatigue, and a lessened ability to exercise. Warning Signs That Should Not Be Ignored Many people assume breathing changes are simply part of getting older. While some changes are expected, certain symptoms deserve medical attention. Contact a healthcare provider if you notice: Shortness of breath during everyday activities A cough lasting more than several weeks Wheezing Chest pain when breathing Frequent respiratory infections Persistent mucus production Coughing up blood Unexplained weight loss Extreme fatigue Difficulty recovering from a cold or flu The Impact of Smoking on Lung Health Smoking remains the leading preventable cause of lung disease. Even after many years of smoking, quitting can provide meaningful health benefits. Former smokers often report better circulation and lung function, less coughing, and a slowing down of COPD issues. It is never too late to quit smoking. People on Medicare can find help here. Air Pollution and Environmental Risks Your lungs are exposed to the environment with every breath. Poor air quality can irritate airways and worsen existing lung conditions. Common sources of lung irritation include exhaust fumes from vehicles, wildfire smoke, industrial pollution, dust, mold, chemical fumes and vapors from strong cleaning products. To reduce your exposure to polluted air: Check local air quality reports. Stay indoors when pollution levels are high. Use air filtration systems when appropriate. Avoid smoking and smoky environments. Ensure proper home ventilation. How to Prevent Respiratory Infections Respiratory infections can be more severe in older adults, making prevention especially important. Helpful prevention strategies include: Staying Up to Date on Vaccinations: Vaccines can help reduce the risk of serious illness from influenza (flu), COVID-19, pneumococcal disease, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It’s a good idea to discuss vaccination schedules with your healthcare provider during your Medicare Annual Wellness Visit. Practicing Good Hand Hygiene: Frequent handwashing helps prevent the spread of viruses and bacteria. Wash hands before eating after using the restroom, after being in public places, and after coughing or sneezing. Avoiding Close Contact with Sick Individuals: During periods of increased respiratory illness, limiting contact or exposure to unwell people can reduce infection risk. The Role of Exercise in Lung Health Physical activity is one of the best ways to support healthy lungs. Regular exercise helps strengthen breathing muscles, improve endurance, and increase oxygen efficiency. Some good, age-appropriate physical activities may include: Walking Swimming Cycling Gardening Low-impact aerobics Tai chi Always consult a healthcare professional before starting a new exercise program, especially if you have an existing lung condition. Breathing Exercises for Older Adults Breathing exercises can improve lung efficiency and help manage shortness of breath. Pursed-Lip Breathing This technique can help slow breathing and improve airflow. Steps: Inhale slowly through the nose. Purse your lips as if blowing out a candle. Exhale slowly through pursed lips. Make the exhale longer than the inhale. Diaphragmatic Breathing Also known as belly breathing, this exercise encourages efficient use of the diaphragm. Steps: Sit comfortably. Place one hand on your chest and the other

Have you ever woken up feeling like the Tin Man from The Wizard of Oz: stiff, achy, and unable to move comfortably until you’ve stretched, walked around, or taken a hot shower? Many older adults experience occasional stiffness as part of normal aging. However, when stiffness lasts a long time, affects multiple joints, or comes with swelling and pain, it may point to something more than simple wear and tear. One possible cause is inflammatory arthritis. What Is Inflammatory Arthritis? Unlike osteoarthritis, which is mainly caused by gradual wear and tear of joint cartilage, inflammatory arthritis is a group of conditions that cause the body’s immune system to mistakenly attack healthy tissues, particularly the joints. This attack creates inflammation, which can lead to pain, swelling, stiffness, and joint damage over time. Several types of inflammatory arthritis can affect people over age 65, including: Rheumatoid arthritis Psoriatic arthritis Polymyalgia rheumatica Crystal-related inflammatory arthritis such as gout Why Inflammatory Arthritis Matters in Older Adults Joint pain is often dismissed as a normal part of aging. While aches and pains can become more common with age, persistent inflammation is not considered a normal part of growing older. Untreated inflammatory arthritis can lead to: Permanent joint damage Reduced mobility Difficulty performing daily activities Increased risk of falls Loss of independence Fatigue and reduced quality of life The “Tin Man” Symptom: Morning Stiffness One of the most common signs of inflammatory arthritis is prolonged morning stiffness. Many people describe waking up feeling locked up, rusty, or frozen. They may need extra time before their joints begin to move normally. Common experiences of the Tin Man symptom include: Needing to stretch extensively after waking Taking a hot shower to loosen joints Feeling stiff for an hour or longer Having difficulty getting out of bed Struggling to make a fist or grip objects in the morning This type of stiffness is different from the brief stiffness that can occur with normal aging or osteoarthritis. With inflammatory arthritis, stiffness often lasts 30 minutes, an hour, or even longer before improving. If you routinely feel like the Tin Man every morning, it may be worth discussing your symptoms with a healthcare provider. Common Symptoms of Inflammatory Arthritis Inflammatory arthritis can affect people differently, but several symptoms are especially common. Joint Pain: Pain often develops gradually but can sometimes appear suddenly. You may notice pain in the hands, wrists, knees, ankles, feet, shoulders, and hips. Pain may occur even when a person is resting and may not always improve with inactivity. Swollen Joints: Inflamed joints often become visibly swollen. You may notice puffiness around the joint, jewelry rings on your fingers (or toes!) becoming tighter, difficulty putting on shoes, and tenderness when touching affected areas. Swelling is an important clue because it suggests active inflammation rather than simple age-related joint changes. Warmth and Redness: Inflamed joints may feel warm to the touch. In some cases, redness develops around the affected area. This is particularly common during inflammatory flare-ups. Fatigue: Inflammatory arthritis affects more than the joints. Many people experience ongoing tiredness, low energy levels, difficulty completing daily tasks, and a general feeling of exhaustion. This fatigue occurs because inflammation can affect the entire body. Reduced Range of Motion: Over time, inflammation can make it harder to move joints normally. People may notice difficulty reaching overhead or bending down, opening jars, walking long distances, and climbing stairs. How Inflammatory Arthritis Differs from Osteoarthritis Many seniors are familiar with osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis. Although both conditions affect joints, they have different causes. Osteoarthritis: Osteoarthritis develops when cartilage gradually wears down over time. Common symptoms of osteoarthritis are pain that worsens with activity, brief morning stiffness, and pain in weight-bearing joints. Inflammatory Arthritis: Inflammatory arthritis results from immune system activity and ongoing inflammation. Symptoms of inflammatory arthritis include long-lasting morning stiffness, swelling and warmth in joints, pain in multiple joints, tiredness, and periods of flare-ups and remission. Types of Inflammatory Arthritis Seen in Older Adults Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the most common inflammatory arthritis conditions. It often affects hands, wrists, feet, and knees, and symptoms frequently occur on both sides of the body. For example, both wrists or both hands may be affected at the same time. Psoriatic Arthritis: Psoriatic arthritis occurs in some people who have psoriasis, a skin condition that causes scaly patches. Symptoms of psoriatic arthritis may include joint pain, swollen fingers and/or toes, and changes in nail appearance and texture. It is important to note that with psoriatic arthritis, not everyone develops skin symptoms before joint symptoms appear. Gout: Gout develops when uric acid crystals accumulate in the joints. It often causes sudden and severe pain, swelling and redness, and a feeling of warmth in the affected area. Usually this is the big toe, but other joints may be involved as well. Polymyalgia Rheumatica: Polymyalgia rheumatica primarily affects older adults and is rarely seen before age 50. Symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica often include shoulder pain, hip pain, morning stiffness, difficulty getting dressed, and trouble rising from a chair. Risk Factors for Inflammatory Arthritis Although anyone can develop the condition, several factors may increase the risk of inflammatory arthritis. These include: Family history Autoimmune conditions Smoking Obesity Certain infections Advancing age for some conditions  Getting a Diagnosis for Inflammatory Arthritis Diagnosing inflammatory arthritis often requires several steps. Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, medical history, family history, how long the stiffness usually lasts, and any patterns you may have noticed in how your joints swell. A physical examination will be done to assess joint tenderness, swelling, warmth, and the range of motion of the affected joint. Blood tests may help identify markers of inflammation and certain autoimmune conditions. Meanwhile, imaging studies like X-rays, ultrasound, and MRI scans can help evaluate the extent of damage. Treatment Options for Inflammatory Arthritis Treatment aims to reduce inflammation, control symptoms, and protect joints. Medications: Several medications may be used depending on the specific condition. These can